Radiography Method

(Non–Destructive Testing Training Program)

  Learning Outline :

Part 1 : Introduction And Testing Philosophy.

Part 2 : Radiographic Principles

Part 3 : Radiographic Equipment

Part 4 : Radiographic Film And Its Characteristics

Part 5 : Safety  Considerations

Part 6 : Specialized  Applications

Part 7 : Comparison and selection of NDT processes.

 Part 1 : Introduction And Testing Philosophy.

General

Purpose

Description Of The Couse .

1. Arrangement

2. Locators

Industrial Applications Of Radiography

Basic Radiographic Testing

Advantages And Limitations Of Radiographic Testing

1. Advantages

2. Limitations

Destructive And Nondestructive Testing

1. General

2. Non-Destructive Test Methods

Testing Philosophy

Personnel

Testing Criteria

Test Procedures

Test Objective

Safety Considerations

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 Part 2 : Radiographic Principles

General

Penetration And Differential

Absorption

Description Of Contents

1. General

2. Film Image Sharpness

3. Film Image Distortion

X And Gamma Radiation

1. General

2. Radiant Energy Characteristics

3. X Rays

4. Gamma Rays

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 Part 3 : Radiographic Equipment

General

X–Ray Equipment

1. General

2. X–Ray Tube

3. Heat Dissipation

4. Equipment Shielding

5. Tube heads

6. Control Panel

7. Protective Electrical Circuits

8. Equipment Protective Devices

Gamma–Ray Equipment

1. General

2. Gamma–Ray Sources

3. Isotope Cameras

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 Part 4 : Radiographic Film

General Description

Radiograph Usefulness

Radiographic Contrast

1. General

2. Subject Contrast

3. Film Contrast

4. H & D Curves

Film Selection

Film Processing

1. General

2. Processing Precautions

3. Tank Processing

4. Tank Processing Procedures

5. Automatic Film Processing

Darkroom Facilities

1. General

2. Safelights

3. Protection Against Outside Light

4. Walls, Ceiling And Floor

5. Automatic Processing Darkroom

Darkroom Equipment

1. General

2. Processing Tanks

3. Drying Cabinets

Cleanliness

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 Part 5 : Safety

General

Units Of Radiation Dose Measurement

Maximum Permissible Dose

1. General

2. Banking Concept

Protection Against Radiation

1. General

2. Allowable Working Time

3. Working Distance

4. Shielding

5. Gamma Ray Requirements

USAEC Rules And Regulations

1. General

2. Exposure Of Individuals To Radiation In Restricted Areas

3. Exposure Of Minors

4. Permissible Levels Of Radiation In Unrestricted Areas

5. Personnel Monitoring

6. Caution Signs, Labels, And Signals

7. Radiographic Exposure Devices And Storage Containers

8. Radiation Survey Instrumentation Requirements

9. Radiation Surveys

Radiation Detection And Measurement Instruments

1. General

2. Pocket Dosimeters And Pocket Chambers

3. Film Badges

4. Survey Meters

5. Ionization Chamber Instruments

6. Geiger Counters

7. Area Alarm Systems

Electrical Safety

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 Part 6 : Specialized Applications

General

Selection Of Equipment

Accessory Equipment

1. General

2. Diaphragms, Collimators, And Cones

3. Filters

4 Screens

5. Masking Material

6. Penetrameters

7 Shim Stock

8. Film Holders And Cassettes

9. Linear And Angular Measuring Devices

10. Positioning Devices

11. Identification And Orientation Markers

12. Area Shielding Equipment

13. Densitometer

14. X–Ray Exposure Charts

15. Gamma Ray Exposure Charts

16. Dated Decay Curves

17. Film Characteristic Curves

18. Radiographic Equivalence Factors

Exposure Variables

1. General

2. Movement

3. Source Size

4. Source–To–Film Distance

5. Physical Arrangement

6. Film Contrast, Speed, And Graininess

7. Screens

8. Scatter Radiation

9. Kilovoltage, Milliamperage, And Time

10. Source Energy, Source Strength, And Time

11. Specimen Absorption And Specimen Contrast

Exposure Calculations

1. General

2. Double Film Exposures

3. Radiographic Slide Rules

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Radiographic Applications

1. General

2. Related Factors

3. Radiographic Applications On Welded Flat Plates

4. Radiographic Application On Welded T–Joints

5. Radiographic Application On Welded Corner Joints

6. Radiographic Application On Heat Affected Zones

7. Radiographic Application On Single Wall Tubing

8. Radiographic Application On Double Wall Tubing

9. Radiographic Application On Closed Spheres

10. Radiographical Application On Closed Tanks

11. Radiographic Multiple Combination Application

12. Radiographic Application On Hemispherical Sections

13. Radiographic Panoramic Application

14. Radiographic Application On Large Pipe Welds

15. Radiographic Techniques Of Discontinuity Location

16. Radiographic Application On Brazed/Bonded Honeycomb

17. Radiographic Application On Semiconductors

Unsatisfactory Radiographs

Special Techniques

1. General

2. Fluoroscopy

3. Use Of Fluoroscopy

4. Image Amplifier

5. Television Radiography

6. Xeroradiography

7. Exposure

8. Transfer Process

9. Stereoradiography And Double Exposure (Parallax)

10. Stereoradiography

11. Double Exposure (Parallax)

12. Flash Radiography

13. In–Motion Radiography

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 Part 7 : Comparison And Selection Of NDT Processes

General

Method Identification

NDT Discontinuity Selection

Discontinuity Categories

Discontinuity Characteristics And Metallurgical Analysis

NDT Methods Application And Limitations

Burst

Cold Shuts

Fillet Cracks (Bolts)

Grinding Cracks

Convolution Cracks

Heat–Affected Zone Cracking

Heat–Treat Cracks

Surface Shrink Cracks

Thread Cracks

Tubing Cracks (Inconel X)

Hydrogen Flake

Hydrogen Embrittlement

Inclusions Inclusions

Lack Of Penetration

Laminations

Laps And Seams

Microshrinkage

Gas Porosity

Unfused Porosity

Stress Corrosion

Hydraulic Tubing

Mandrel Drag

Semiconductors

Hot Tears

Intergranular Corrosion

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For more information :
                            ndt@kiccnet.com