Performance of Tubular Alloy Heat Exchangers in Seawater Service in Chemical Process Industries
Course Outline
Module 1. Introduction
Module 2. Seawater Composition and Characteristics
Module 3. 90–10 Cupronickel–Fe ( UNS C70600)
Module 4. High Performance Stainless Steels
Module 5. Nickel Alloys
Module 6. Reactive Metals : Titanium and Zirconium
Module 7. Environmental Considerations
Module 8. Equipment Characteristics
Module 9. Maintenance
Module 10. Conclusions and Recommendations
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Format
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2.1 Composition
2.1.1 Salinity and Chlorinity
2.1.2 Carbonates and Sulfates
2.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen
2.1.4 pH
2.1.5 Localized Variations
2.1.6 Geographical Variations
2.2 Characteristics
2.2.1 Fouling
2.2.2 Corrosion
2.2.3 Localized Variations
2.2.4 Geographical Variations
2.3 Velocity Effects
2.4 Corrosion Control Measures
2.4.1 Change of Materials
2.4.2 Control of Environment
2.4.3 Barrier Coatings
2.4.4 Electrochemical Techniques
2.4.5 Proper Design
3.1 Corrosion Characteristics
3.2 Pitfalls
3.3 Design Features
3.3.1 Tubes
3.3.2 Tubesheets
3.3.3 Channels or Heads
3.3.4 Shells, Baffles, Tie–Rods, Spacers
3.4 Specifications
3.5 Miscellany
4.1 Superferritics
4.1.1 Corrosion
4.1.2 Pitfalls
4.2 Superaustenitics
4.2.1 Corrosion
4.2.2 Pitfalls
4.3 Duplex Alloys
4.3.1 Corrosion
4.3.2 Pitfalls
4.4 Design Features
4.4.1 Tubes
4.4.2 Tubesheets
4.4.3 Channels or Heads
4.4.4 Shells and Hardware
4.5 Specifications
4.6 Miscellany
5.1 Chromium–Free Nickel–Base Alloys
5.1.1 Corrosion
5.1.2 Pitfalls
5.2 Chromium–Bearing Alloys
5.2.1 Corrosion
5.2.2 Pitfalls
5.3 Design Features
5.4 Specifications
6.1 Titanium
6.1.1 Corrosion
6.1.2 Pitfalls
6.1.3 Design Features
6.1.4 Specifications
6.2 Zirconium
6.2.1 Corrosion
6.2.2 Pitfalls
6.2.3 Design Features
6.2.4 Specifications
7.1 Aerated Seawater
7.1.1 Scaling
7.1.2 Pollution
7.2 Chlorination
7.3 Anaerobic Conditions
7.3.1 Polluted Water
7.4 Pollution and Contamination
7.5 Galvanic Effects
8.1 Tube–Side Considerations
8.1.1 Tubes
8.1.2 Tubesheets
8.1.3 Tube–to–Tubesheet Joints
8.1.4 Channels, Heads and Water–Boxes
8.1.5 Fouling
8.2 Shells and Accoutrements
9.1 Shutdown Procedures
9.2 Cleaning
9.2.1 Chemical Cleaning
9.2.2 Mechanical Cleaning
9.3 Inspection
9.3.1 Leak Tests
9.3.2 Visual Inspection
9.3.3 Instrumental Inspection
9.4 Repair
9.4.1 Tube Plugging
9.4.2 Tube Removal
9.4.3 Tube Replacement
Module 10 . Conclusions and Recommendations
10.1 Conclusions
10.2 Recommendations
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