Failure Analysis Of Cooling Water System
	Cooling water system corrosion causes immediate and delayed problems. Difficulties spread from a failure like ripples from a pebble thrown into a pool.
	A single failure may force an unscheduled outage, redirect worker efforts, contaminate product, compromise safety, increase equipment expense, violate pollution regulations, and decrease productivity.
	The closer one is to the failure, the more its direct effects are apparent. The cumulative effects of failure are often overlooked in the rush to "fix" the immediate problem.
	Too often, the cause of failure is ignored or forgotten because of time constraints or indifference.
	The failure or corrosion is considered “just a cost of doing business." Inevitably, such problems become chronic; associated costs, tribulations, and delays become ingrained. Problems persist until cost or concern overwhelm corporate inertia.
	A temporary solution is no longer acceptable; the correct solution is to identify and eliminate the failure. Preventative costs are almost always a small fraction of those associated with neglect.
	The solution to any cooling water system failure begins with a thorough understanding of the cause.
	Careful, meticulous investigation will almost always reveal the failure source and any attendant accelerating factors. Ideally, potential problems will be identified before failure.
	The identification of cooling water system potential problems begins with a knowledge of how to recognize such problems.
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Knowing where particular forms of damage might occur, what damage looks like, how critical factors influence damage, and, most importantly, how such problems can be eliminated are the objectives of this course.
	General Description
	Locations
	Critical Factors
	Identification
	Elimination
	Cautions
	Related Problems
	Case Histories
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	All areas of the cooling water system where a specific form of damage is likely to be found are described. The corrosion or failure causes and mechanisms are also described.
	Especially important factors influencing the corrosion process are discussed. Detailed descriptions of each failure mode are given, along with many common, and some not–so–common, case histories. Descriptions of closely related and similarly appearing damage mechanisms allow discrimination between failure modes and avoidance of common mistakes and misconceptions.
	Many sources contain scattered information concerning cooling water system corrosion and defects, and many literature studies describe corrosion processes and mechanisms from a predominantly theoretical viewpoint.
	Until now, however, no source discusses cooling water system corrosion with emphasis on identification and elimination of specific problems. Much of the information in this course is unique; every significant form of attack is thoroughly detailed.
	Color slides illustrate each failure mechanism, and case histories further describe industrial problems.
	Visual inspection techniques are stressed as the most important tools used to study failures. This course is not a substitute for rigorous failure analysis conducted by experts, but it will help the trainees identify and eliminate many cooling water system problems. Still, on occasion, the experienced, skilled, failure analyst using sophisticated analytical techniques and specialized equipment may be required to solve complex or unusual problems.
	Common sense, appropriate experience, and systematic investigation are, however, often superior to the more elaborate, but less effective, techniques used by some.
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