Aboveground Storage Tanks

Course Outline

Module 1. Fundamentals

Module 2. Code, Standards, and Regulations

Module 3. Materials Considerations

Module 4. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention

Module 5. Tank Foundations

Module 6. Seismic Considerations

Module 7. General Design of Tanks

Module 8. Tank Roofs

Module 9. Fire Protection of Tanks

Module 10. Tank Emissions

Module 11. Tanks Constructed of Other Materials

Module 13. Tank Settlement

Module 16. Tank Accessories

Module 1. Fundamentals

1.1 Overview

1.2 Basic Concepts

1.3 Tank Classification

1.4 Major Tank Components

1.5 Small Tanks

1.6 Engineering Considerations

1.7 Regulations

1.8 Spills, Leaks, and Prevention

Module 2. Code, Standards, and Regulations

Section 2.1. Codes and Standards

2.1.1 Overview of Codes and Standards

2.1.2 The Organizations

Section 2.2. Regulations and Laws

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Historical Background

2.2.3 The Legal Effect of Industry Codes and Standards

2.2.4 Uniform Regulatory Programs for Aboveground

         Storage Tanks

2.2.5 Federal Rules Covering Air Pollution

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Module 3. Materials Considerations

3.1 Materials Selection

3.2 Principles of Material Selection

3.3 Carbon Steel Selection Procedure

3.4 Brittle Fracture Considerations

3.5 Fitness for Service for Existing Tanks

Module 4. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention

Section 4.1. Basic Tank Corrosion Mechanisms

4.1.1 Corrosion of Tanks

4.1.2 Corrosion Control and Prevention

4.1.3 Designing for Corrosion in Tanks

4.1.4 Specific Storage Tank Corrosion Service Problems (Petroleum Products

4.1.5 Special Problems

Section 4.2. Corrosion Prevention with Linings

4.2.1 Basic Types of Linings

4.2.2 External Coating Types

4.2.3 Internal Coatings

4.2.4 Surface Preparation

4.2.5 Economics

4.2.6 Inspection of Linings

4.2.7 Lining Repairs

4.2.8 Safety

4.2.9 Specific Lining Applications

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Section 4.3. Corrosion Prevention with Cathodic Protection

4.3.1 Electrolytic and Galvanic Corrosion

4.3.2 Cathodic Protection

4.3.3 Polarization

4.3.4 Electrical Potential Measurement

4.3.5 Current Requirements

4.3.6 Internal versus External Cathodic Protection

4.3.7 Basic Types of Cathodic Protection Systems

4.3.8 Applications

4.3.9 External Cathodic Protection Design

4.3.10 Installation

4.3.11 Maintenance

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Module 5. Tank Foundations

5.1 Introduction to Tank Foundations

5.2 Important Elements to Consider in Foundation Design

5.3 Tank Foundation Types

5.4 Design Principles

Module 6. Seismic Considerations

Section 6.1. Seismic Design

6.1.1 Overview

6.1.2 Risk Assessment

6.1.3 Fluid Hydrodynamites

6.1.4 Buckling of Thin Shells

6.1.5 Seismic Demand as Specified by API Codes

6.1.6 API Methodology

Section 6.2. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Existing Tanks

6.2.1 Introduction

6.2.2 Ranking of Exposure and Risk

6.2.3 Tank Damage Mechanisms

6.2.4 Seismic Assessment Program

6.2.5 Design Considerations for Retrofit Approaches

6.2.6 Using Piles

6.2.7 Anchorage Design of Existing Tanks

6.2.8 Manos Method Of Evaluation Of Existing Tanks

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Module 7. General Design of Tanks

7.1 General Design Considerations

7.2 Welding and Fabrication

7.3 Design of Roofs for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks

Module 8. Tank Roofs

Section 8.1. Floating Roofs

8.1.1 Introduction

8.1.2 External Floating Roofs

8.1.3 Internal Floating Roofs

Section 8.2. Rim Seals

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 External Floating–Roof Seals

8.2.3 Internal Floating–Roof Seals

Section 8.3. Flexible Piping System for Roofs

8.3.1 General

8.3.2 Types of Flexible Piping Systems

8.3.3 Applications for Flexible Piping Systems

8.3.4 Installation Considerations

8.3.5 Design Considerations and Key Problem Areas

8.3.6 Considerations

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Section 8.4. Aluminum Dome Roofs

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 Applications

8.4.3 Basic Design Considerations

8.4.4 Other Considerations

8.4.5 Conclusion

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Module 9. Fire Protection of Tanks

Section 9.1. General Principles

9.1.1 Introduction

9.1.2 Control of Ignition Sources

9.1.3 Fire Protection through Design and Planning

9.1.4 Fire–Fighting Principles and Practices

Section 9.2. Venting

9.2.1 Causes of Tank Venting

9.2.2 Venting Floating–Root Tanks

9.2.3 Design Guidance

9.2.4 Hardware

9.2.5 Codes and Standards Governing Tank Venting

Section 9.3. Frangible Roofs

9.3.1 What Is a Frangible Roof?

9.3.2 Why Are Frangible Roof Joints Desirable?

9.3.3 What Is the Criterion for Frangibility?

9.3.4 Frangibility Limitations

9.3.5 Summary

Section 9.4. Flame and Detonation Arrestors

9.4.1 Summary

9.4.2 Application to Tanks

9.4.3 PV Valves as a Substitute for a Flame Arrestor

9.4.4 Regulatory Requirements

9.4.5 Flame Arrestor Testing

9.4.6 Fundamental Principles

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Module 10. Tank Emissions

Section 10.1. Overview of Tank Emissions Concepts

10.1.1 Tank Type and Emissions

10.1.2 Trend and Outlook for Emission Controls

10.1.3 Various Options for Controlling Tank Vapors

10.1.4 Mechanisms of Evaporation Losses in Storage Tanks

10.1.5 Resources for Emission Determination

Section 10.2. Computing Emissions from Internal and External Floating Roofs

10.2.1 Loss Components

Section 10.3. Emission Estimation Procedures for Fixed–Roof Tanks

10.3.1 Losses from Fixed–Roof Tanks

Section 10.4. Emissions from Slotted and  Unslotted Guide Poles

10.4.1 Introductory Remarks

10.4.2 Regulatory Situation

10.4.3 Impact on the User

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Module 11. Tanks Constructed of Other Materials

Section 11.1. Stainless Steel Tanks

11.1.1 Use and Selection of Stainless Steel Tanks

11.1.2 Design

11.1.3 Fabrication Considerations

11.1.4 Meaning and Passivation

11.1.5 Liquid–Metal Embrittlement

11.1.6 Temperature Differences between Shell and Bottom

11.1.7 Cathodic Protection

11.1.8 Testing and Inspection

Section 11.2. Aluminum Tanks

11.2.1 Introduction

11.2.2 Corrosion of Aluminum

11.2.3 Aluminum Alloys

11.2.4 Applications

11.2.5 ASME B96.1, Aluminum Tank Standard

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Section 11.3. Fiberglass–Reinforced Plastic Tanks

11.3.1 Resin Fundamentals

11.3.2 Layered Wall Construction

11.3.3 FRP Construction Methods

11.3.4 Design

11.3.5 Fabrication and Testing

Section 11.4. Tanks Constructed of Miscellaneous Materials

11.4.1 Factory–Coated Bolted Steel Tanks

11.4.2 Concrete Tanks

11.4.3 Bladder–Lined Tanks

11.4.4 Vapor Bladder Tanks

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Module 12. Tank Inspection, Repairs, and Reconstruction

12.1 Background

12.2 Industrial Standards

12.3 Intent of API Standard 653

12.4 How Does API 653 Prevent Tank Failures?

12.5 Responsibility and Compliance

12.6 How Long Will It Take to Implement the API 653 Program?

12.7 API 653 and Costs

12.8 In–House versus Contract Inspection

12.9 Thoroughness of Inspection

12.10 Getting Started

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Module 13. Tank Settlement

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Settlement and Tank Failure Mechanics

13.3 Different Kinds of Settlement

13.3 Sloped Bottoms

13.5 Edge Settlement

13.6 Designing for Settlement

13.7 Releveling Tanks

13.8 Methods of Releveling

13.9 Conclusions

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Module 14. Groundwater Protection

Section 14.1. Leak Detection Bottoms and Release Prevention Barriers

14.1.1 Background

14.1.2 Some Definitions

14.1.3 Performance Criteria for Leak Detection and Leak Containment

14.1.4 Undertank Materials, Liners, and Cushions

14.1.5 Miscellaneous Considerations

14.1.6 Configurations of Tank Bottoms

14.1.7 Retrofitting Tank Bottoms

Section 14.2. Current Leak Detection Technologies for
                                 Aboveground Storage Tanks

14.2.1 Introduction

14.2.2 Basic Leak Detection Methods

14.2.3 Future of Leak Detect

Module 15 Miscellaneous Topics

Section 15.1. Safe Tank Entry

15.1.1 Need for a Tank Entry Standard

15.1.2 Basic Requirements of API 2015

15.1.3 Miscellaneous Guidance

15.1.4 Conclusion

Section 15.2. Tank Degassing, Cleaning, and Sludge
                                 Reduction Principles

15.2.1 Overview of Tank Bottoms and Sludges

15.2.2 Problems Caused by Sludge

15.2.3 Source Reduction and Mitigation

15.2.4 Vapor Freeing and Degassing

15.2.5 Tank Cleaning

15.2.6 Safe Vapor Freeing, Degassing, and Cleaning Operations

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Section 15.3. Secondary Containment

15.3.1 Legal Requirements

15.3.2 General Considerations

15.3.3 Secondary Containment Capacity

15.3.4 Environmental Protection Considerations

15.3.5 Spilled–Liquid Hazardous and Physical Properties

15.3.6 Basic Design Considerations

15.3.7 Secondary Containment Types

15.3.8 Materials for Liners

Section 15.4. Foundations for Hot Tanks

15.4.1 General

15.4.2 Undertank Temperatures

15.4.3 Undertank Insulation

15.4.4 Environmental Considerations

15.4.5 Undertank Liners

15.4.6 Foundation Design

15.4.7 Foundation Type

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Module 16. Tank Accessories

Section 16.1. Ladders, Platforms, Stairs, and
                                         Access ways

16.1.1 General

16.1.2 Ladders and Stairways

16.1.3 Platforms and Walkways

16.1.4 Railings

16.1.5 Coatings

Section 16.2. Miscellaneous Tank Appurtenances

16.2.1 General

16.2.2 Tank Openings

16.2.3 Mixers

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